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Документ Environmental friendliness of the production of glycosaminoglycans by biotechnological means(2024) Hryshchenko, Maryna; Starovoitova, SvitlanaGlycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are an important biomolecule with wide applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and medicine. Traditionally obtained through extraction from animal tissues, this method poses contamination risks and quality control issues. Microbial engineering, or chemical synthesis, emerges as a promising eco-friendly, controlled, and cost-effective alternative for producing GAG. Animal tissue extraction has significant environmental drawbacks due to high energy and water consumption, as well as toxic waste emissions during raw material processing. It also risks transmitting zoonotic diseases from close animal contact and tissue processing. The microbiological method ensures high product purity and quality. Unlike animal sources, biotechnological production eliminates contamination risks and allows obtaining a pure product under controlled conditions. It is less costly and more environmentally friendly than traditional extraction methods. Moreover, it aligns with the growing cruelty-free and vegan cosmetics trend, as mandated by EU Regulation No. 1223/2009 on cosmetic products. However, natural GAG producers are zoonotic pathogens grown on media with sheep's blood and brain heart infusion. Their synthesis product contains endotoxins, requiring costly additional cleaning and isolation steps. This issue is addressed by developing new non-pathogenic producer strains capable of growing on eco-friendly media. Thus, it was possible to create Bacillus subtilis 3NA, which allows obtaining 7 g/l of hyaluronic acid, using technical glycerin as a carbon source. Also, it was possible to create Pichia pastoris capable of producing heparin with a concentration of 2.08 g/l in a medium with methanol