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Документ Exopolysaccharide Production and Peculiarities of C6-Metabolism in Acinetobacter sp. Grown on Carbohydrate Substrates(2002) Pirog, Tatiana; Kovalenko, M.; Kuzminska, Yu.An Acinetobacter sp. strain grown on carbohydrate substrates (mono- and disaccharides, molasses, starch) was shown to synthesize exopolysaccharides (EPS). Glucose catabolism proved to proceed via the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas and Entner–Doudoroff pathways. Pyruvate entered the tricarboxylic acid cycle due to pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Pyruvate carboxylation by pyruvate carboxylase was the anaplerotic reaction providing for the synthesis of intermediates for the constructive metabolism of Acinetobacter sp. grown on C6-substrates. The C6-metabolism in Acinetobacter sp. was limited by coenzyme A. Irrespective of the carbohydrate growth substrate (glucose, ethanol), the activities of the key enzymes of both C2- and C6-metabolism was high, except for the isocitrate lyase activity in glucose-grown bacteria. Isocitrate lyase activity was induced by C2-compounds (ethanol or acetate). After their addition to glucose-containing medium, both substrates were utilized simultaneously, and an increase was observed in the EPS synthesis, as well as in the EPS yield relative to biomass. The mechanisms responsible for enhancing the EPS synthesis in Acinetobacter sp. grown on a mixture of C2- and C6-substrates are discussed.Документ Physicochemical Properties of the Microbial Exopolysaccharide Ethapolan Synthesized on a Mixture of Growth Substrates(2004) Pirog, Tatiana; Kovalenko, M.; Kuzminska, Yu.; Votselko, S.Some physicochemical properties of the microbial exopolysaccharide (EPS) ethapolan synthesized by Acinetobacter sp. 12S depended on whether the producer was grown on a mixture of ethanol and glucose or on a single substrate. Irrespective of the carbon source in the nutrient medium, the contents of carbohydrates, pyruvic acid, uronic acids, and mineral components in the EPS remained unchanged. The EPS were also identical in their monosaccharide composition: the molar ratio of glucose, mannose, galactose, and rhamnose was 3 : 2 : 1 : 1. EPS with a higher content of fatty acids was synthesized during growth on the mixture of ethanol and glucose. The average molecular mass and the content of high-molecular (M > 2 MDa) fractions were greater in ethapolan produced on the substrate mixture. In the presence of 0.1 M KCl, after transformation into the H+ form, and in the Cu2+–glycine system, solutions of these EPS showed higher viscosity than solutions of EPS synthesized on single substrates. The reasons for the improved rheological properties of the EPS produced on the substrate mixture are discussed.Документ Intensification of exopolysaccharide synthesis by Acinetobacter sp. on an ethanol–glucose mixture: aspects related to biochemistry and bioenergetics(2003) Pirog, Tatiana; Kuzminska, Yu.; Kovalenko, M.The possibility of intensifying the synthesis of microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) by a strain of Acinetobacter sp. grown on a mixture of two substrates nonequivalent in terms of bioenergetics (ethanol + glucose) was shown. Based on theoretical calculations of the energy requirements for biomass and EPS synthesis from the energy-deficient substrate (glucose), the supplementary concentration of the energy-excessive substrate (ethanol) was determined that prevents the loss of glucose carbon that occurs when glucose is oxidized to CO2 to obtain energy for the processes of constructive metabolism. This made it possible to increase the efficiency of conversion of the substrate carbon to EPS. The introduction of ethanol into glucose-containing medium at a molar ratio of 3.1 : 1 allowed the amount of the EPS synthesized to be increased 1.8- to 1.9-fold; their yield relative to biomass increased 1.4- to 1.7-fold, and the yield of EPS relative to the substrate consumed increased 1.5- to 2-fold as compared to growth of the producer on single substrates. These results form the basis for the development of new technologies for obtaining secondary metabolites of practical value with the use of mixed growth substrates. Показана можливість інтенсифікації синтезу мікробних екзополісахаридів (ЕПС) при вирощуванні штаму Acinetobacter sp. на суміші двох енергетично-нерівноцінних субстратів (етанол + глюкоза). На основі теоретичних розрахунків енергетичних потреб синтезу біомаси та ЕПС на енергетично-дефіцитному субстраті (глюкоза) визначена "доповнююча" концентрація енергетично-надлишкового субстрату (етанол), що дозволяє заповнити втрати вуглецю глюкози при окисленні її до СО2 з метою отримання енергії для процесів конструктивного метаболізму, і підвищити ефективність конверсії вуглецю використовуваних субстратів в ЕПС. Введення етанолу в середу з глюкозою в молярному співвідношенні 3,1:1 дозволило збільшити кількість синтезованих ЕПС в 1,8-1,9 рази, їх вихід по відношенню до біомаси - в 1,4 - 1,7 рази, вихід ЕПС від субстрату - в 1,5 - 2 рази в порівнянні з вирощуванням продуцента на моносубстратах. Отримані результати є основою для створення нових технологій одержання практично цінних вторинних метаболітів при використанні змішаних енергетично-нерівноцінних ростових субстратів.Документ Some characteristics of central metabolism in Acinetobacter sp. grown on ethanol(2003) Pirog, Tatiana; Kuzminska, Yu.Ethanol-grown cells of the mutant Acinetobacter sp. strain 1NG, incapable of producing exopolysaccharides, were analyzed for the activity of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and some biosynthetic pathways. In spite of the presence of both key enzymes (isocitrate lyase and malate synthase) of the glyoxylate cycle, these cells also contained all enzymes of the TCA cycle, which presumably serves biosynthetic functions. This was evident from the high activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase and the low activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase. Pyruvate was formed in the reaction catalyzed by oxaloacetate decarboxylase, whereas phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) was synthesized by the two key enzymes (PEP carboxykinase and PEP synthase) of gluconeogenesis. The ratio of these enzymes was different in the exponential and the stationary growth phases. The addition of the C4-dicarboxylic acid fumarate to the ethanolcontaining growth medium led to a 1.5- to 2-fold increase in the activity of enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, as well as of fumarate hydratase, malate dehydrogenase, PEP synthase, and PEP carboxykinase (the activity of the latter enzyme increased by more than 7.5 times). The data obtained can be used to improve the biotechnology of production of microbial exopolysaccharide ethapolan on C2-substrates.Документ Enhanced synthesis of the exopolysaccharide ethapolan by acinetobacter sp. 12S grown on a mixture of substrates(2003) Pirog, Tatiana; Kovalenko, M.; Kuzminska, Yu.; Krishtab, T.Enhanced synthesis of the exopolysaccharide ethapolan by Acinetobacter sp. 12S was observed when the bacterium was grown on a mixture of two energetically nonequivalent substrates (ethanol and glucose) taken in a molar proportion of 3.1 : 1. The efficiency of carbon transformation into EPSs was maximum when sodium ions were absent in the medium, the concentration of nitrogen source was reduced to 0.3–0.45 g/l, and the inoculum was grown on ethanol. Such conditions provided an increase in the maximum specific growth rate and its attainment in earlier cultivation terms. Molasses as a substitution for glucose was inefficient. The activities of the key enzymes of C2 metabolism in Acinetobacter sp. 12S cells grown on the substrate mixture were 1.1 to 1.7 times lower than they were during growth on ethanol alone. The activity of isocitrate lyase in cells grown on the substrate mixture declined to an even greater extent (by 4–7 times), indicating that the role of the glyoxylate cycle in such cells is insignificant. Установлены условия культивирования штамма Acinetobacter sp. 12S - продуцента микробного экзополисахарида (ЭПС) этаполана, позволяющие интенсифицировать синтез ЭПС на смеси двух энергетически-неравноценных субстратов (этанол и глюкоза в молярном соотношении 3,1:1). Наиболее высокая эффективность трансформации углерода субстратов в ЭПС обеспечивалась при отсутствии в среде катионов натрия, снижении концентрации источника азотного питания до 0,3-0,45 г/л, использовании посевного материала, выращенного на этаноле. Культивирование продуцента в таких условиях сопровождалось также увеличением максимальной удельной скорости роста и смещением времени ее достижения в более раннюю ростовую фазу. Установлено, что глюкоза в смешанном субстрате не может быть заменена на мелассу. При выращивании Acinetobacter sp.12S на смеси субстратов активность ключевых ферментов С2-метаболизма снижалась в 1,1-1,7 раза по сравнению с культивированием на этаноле. Более заметным (в 4-7 раз) было снижение изоцитратлиазной активности, что может свидетельствовать о незначительной роли глиоксилатного цикла в метаболизме бактерий при росте на смеси С2-С6-субстратов.Документ Peculiarities of ethanol metabolism in an Acinetobacter sp. Mutant strain defective in exopolysaccharide synthesis(2002) Pirog, Tatiana; Sokolov, I.; Kuzminska, Yu.; Malashenko, YuriActivities of the key enzymes of ethanol metabolism were assayed in ethanol-grown cells of an Acinetobacter sp. mutant strain unable to synthesize exopolysaccharides (EPS). The original EPS-producing strain could not be used for enzyme analysis because its cells could not to be separated from the extremely viscous EPS with a high molecular weight. In Acinetobacter sp., ethanol oxidation to acetaldehyde proved to be catalyzed by the NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1.). Both NAD+ and NADP+ could be electron accepters in the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase reaction. Acetate is implicated in the Acinetobacter sp. metabolism via the reaction catalyzed by acetyl-CoA-synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1.). Isocitrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.1.) activity was also detected, indicating that the glyoxylate cycle is the anaplerotic mechanism that replenishes the pool of C4-dicarboxylic acids in Acinetobacter sp. cells. In ethanol metabolism by Acinetobacter sp., the reactions involving acetate are the bottleneck, as evidenced by the inhibitory effect of sodium ions on both acetate oxidation in the intact cells and on acetyl-CoA-synthetase activity in the cell-free extracts, as well as by the limitation of the C2-metabolism by coenzyme A. The results obtained may be helpful in developing a new biotechnological procedure for obtaining ethanol-derived exopolysaccharide ethapolan. В клетках выращенного на этаноле мутантного штамма Acinetobacter sp., не образующего экзополисахариды (ЭПС), определены активности ключевых ферментов метаболизма этанола. Клетки исходного ЭПС-образующего штамма не могли быть использованы для проведения энзимологических исследований ввиду невозможности их отделения от высоковязкого ЭПС с высокой молекулярной массой. Установлено, что окисление этанола до ацетальдегида у Acinetobacter sp. катализируется НАД+-зависимой алкогольдегидрогеназой (КФ 1.1.1.1.). Акцепторами электронов в ацетальдегиддегидрогеназной реакции являются НАД+ и НАДФ+. Ацетат вовлекается в метаболизм Acinetobacter sp. при участии ацетил-КоА-синтетазы (КФ 6.2.1.1.). Наличие изоцитратлиазы (КФ 4.1.3.1.) свидетельствует о том, что анаплеротической последовательностью реакций, восполняющих пул С4-дикарбоновых кислот в клетках Acinetobacter sp., является глиоксилатный цикл. «Узким» местом метаболизма этанола у бактерий Acinetobacter sp. является вовлечение ацетата в метаболизм, о чем свидетельствует ингибирование окисления ацетата в интактных клетках и активности ацетил-КоА-синтетазы в бесклеточном экстракте ионами натрия, а также лимитирование С2- метаболизма коэнзимом А. Полученные данные являются основой для разработки новой технологии получения экзополисахарида этаполана на основе этанола.Документ Regulation of Acetate Metabolism in a Strain of Acinetobacter sp. Growing on Ethanol(2003) Pirog, Tatiana; Kuzminska, Yu.Ethanol metabolism in Acinetobacter sp. is shown to be limited by the rate of acetate assimilation,a reaction catalyzed by acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1). Effects of ions (sodium, potassium, and magnesium), by-products of ethanol and acetaldehyde oxidation (NADH and NADPH), and pantothenic acid on this enzyme are studied (sodium, NADH, and NADPH inhibit acetyl-CoA synthetase; pantothenic acid, potassium, and magnesium act as enzyme activators). Conditions of culturing were developed under which ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate in Acinetobacter cells were oxidized at the same rates, producing a threefold increase in the activity of acetyl-CoA synthetase in the cell-free extract. The results of studies of acetyl-CoA synthetase regulation in a mutant strain of Acinetobacter sp., which is incapable of forming exopolysaccharides, provide a basis for refining the technology of ethapolan production involving the use of C2 substrates.